64
Race and ethnicity are risk factors in many diseases. Examples include, but are not limited to, cystic fibrosis and spinal muscular atrophy.
There is also an epidemiological purpose of collecting this information. It is important to know if some disease is affecting some races or some ethnicities disproportionately. This is how it was found out that race or ...
24
The best long-term perfect posture is subjective due to the variety of body types, incorrect posture differs from person to person and person's proper posture can be incorrect posture for someone else and vice versa.
Usually the good sitting posture can be determined by the following methods:
Support your back to avoid back pain.
Adjust your chair.
Rest ...
20
There's a myriad of adjustments that can improve patients' treatment if it's race-informed. As a very small but characteristic example, the 2021 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for Heart Failure recommend considering hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate only for patients self-identifying as Black.
Reference: McDonagh TA et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines ...
11
Here are some random examples:
Ashkenazi Jewish Genetic Diseases
Bloom syndrome.
Canavan disease.
Cystic fibrosis. Th
Familial dysautonomia (FD).
Fanconi anemia.
Gaucher disease.
Mucolipidosis IV.
Niemann-Pick disease (type A).
Tay-Sachs disease.
Torsion dystonia.
Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews diseases
Oculocutaneous albinism
Ataxia telangiectasia
Creutzfeldt–...
10
Note: The following is excerpted from an article written in 2005. For lay (Non trained) people, there are more updated recommendations. The following is an example of the process, not the current recommendations.
To be effective, CPR must restore adequate coronary and cerebral blood flow. Interruptions in chest compressions lower coronary perfusion ...
8
Great question! There are actually a number of resources out there that answer this question. Here is a very dry (but unbiased) answer from the Canadian Paediatric Society written for paediatricians who are helping parents with this issue.
Here are some quick question to ask yourself when appraising the website you're looking at:
1) Most importantly, ...
8
To build off of what JohnP said, scientific evidence has a hierarchy of reliability. Some types of papers, by their very nature, are more academically rigorous and likely to lead you to the truth.
Randomized controlled double-blind trials and meta-analyses are at the top of the hierarchy. These studies often have thousands of participants and are set up to ...
8
The paradox you describe is resolved if you think about the influenza vaccine that is approved as a procedure for making an annual vaccine. It is the procedure, repeated year-after-year, that has been tested safe and effective against the strains included in the vaccine that year.
The vaccine is produced in the same way each year, and all the manufacturing ...
7
Short answer: there is no best long-term sitting posture. If there is any, take care of posture (I'd risk to say upright is best), and move every certain amount of time in the chair and/or around.
I'm for positive responses so let me elaborate a bit more. All cautious considerations, as kenorb properly states, are ok. However, even if some of those ...
7
TeachMeAnatomy
Containing over 700 vibrant, full-colour images, TeachMeAnatomy is a comprehensive anatomy encyclopedia presented in a visually-appealing, easy-to-read format.
Created by a team of doctors and medical students, each topic combines anatomical knowledge with high-yield clinical pearls, seamlessly bridging the gap between scholarly learning and ...
7
Green tea, or any real tea made from the Camellia sinensis plant, has many advantages as a go-to beverage.
It itself does not contain significant amounts of sugar, it has an enamel preserving pH level (that is: it is non-acidic). Some compounds (like the poyphenols) have shown some activity against harmful bacteria causing gingivitis or caries.
The most ...
7
"Studies of one" are also known as case studies, N-of-1 studies or case reports. I will refer to them below as case reports, for simplicity. They vary in quality just like any other type of studies. Case reports have a place in biomedical research and can often be very valuable, widely cited and/or otherwise influential. Double-blind randomized controlled ...
6
Am I reading this right, that junk food and drinking soft drinks is
correlated with higher intelligence quotient ? Does all that sugar beside its negative side effects (tooth decay, insulin highs) have this positive effect on intelligence ?
No you are not reading it right, but your mistake is very a common misunderstanding of statistics.
The key point ...
6
Side effects frequency narrative words are defined by the council of International Organizations of Medical Sciences. See slide 10 of this presentation on the subject. As shown, "Very common" means equal to or greater than 10% [of the patients tested for that drug]. "Common" or "frequent" means more than 1% but less than 10%. "Uncommon" or "infrequent" ...
6
This study published in 2014 provides an excellent review of the physiological mechanisms of cerebral blood flow regulation (open access):
Willie CK et al. Integrative regulation of human brain blood flow. J Physiol. 2014 Mar 1;592(5):841-59. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.268953.
Their list of references includes a very exhaustive list of studies conducted on ...
6
It very much depends on what you mean by evidence, but if you're talking about major studies that produced meaningful results that actually captured people's attention, it was a series of case-control studies in 1950's, followed by a fair amount of more intensive research in the late 1950's and early 1960's.
It's a somewhat technical paper, but this paper ...
6
An individual person does not have a mortality rate: it means the fraction of people out of a group who die over a specific time period. It may seem like your particular chance of dying is that same number, but it's not: the people who die with condition X may be sicker, have a worse case of it, have something else, be older, and so on. Although 80% of ...
6
Well, there is one meta-analytical estimate of the IFR for Covid-19 out already albeint only as a draft paper:
there were 13 estimates of IFR included in the final meta-analysis, from a wide range of countries, published between February and April 2020. The meta-analysis demonstrated a point-estimate of IFR of 0.75% (0.49-1.01%) with significant ...
5
In Europe we use 30/2 for adults and 15/2 for children.
For children heart problems are rare, so the focus lies on breathing (we also start with 5 breaths). With adults the focus lies on chest compressions, hence the double amount.
There is a lot of research going on and as a result of the research, the guidelines are changed, each 5 years. (Last time the ...
5
Commonly used diagnostic imaging methods are:
Ultrasonography
X-ray
Computed tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Scintigraphy or radionuclide scan (injecting a radioactive tracer into a vein, waiting until it collects in a certain organ, for example, the thyroid gland, and taking a picture of the tracer distribution with a scanner)
All the ...
5
This connection has been reported by several groups, in credible journals (I left a few references below). The study and news article you are referring to is confirming earlier findings, it is not the first to report this. In the examples I've seen, the studies rely on large datasets, for example, incidences in an entire country, in order to show a ...
4
I am not sure if I am answering your question correctly but I wanted to point you towards the following tools that I have found very useful when conducting critical appraisal of literature:
CASP Tools + Checklists
From the above site:
This set of eight critical appraisal tools are designed to be used when reading research, these include tools for ...
4
Drug research and epidemiology are two areas that lend themselves to distributed computing, and there are several existing projects that you can look at.
There are several BOINC projects for medical projects, for example:
DENIS @ Home - electrophysiological modeling
FiND @ Home - malaria research
Malariacontrol - malaria epidemiology
The World ...
4
Gray's Anatomy - an old but complete online book with detailed text and pictures.
Get Body Smart - by organic systems, at a glance
Inner Body - on hover interactive images, with text
KenHub - 50 videos
AnatomyZone - ~200 videos, including basic terminology
4
Your interpretation is basically correct.
The formal definition is:
https://prsinfo.clinicaltrials.gov/definitions.html#IntPurpose
Primary Purpose *§ Definition: The main objective of the
intervention(s) being evaluated by the clinical trial. Select one.
Treatment: One or more interventions are being evaluated for treating a disease, syndrome, ...
4
I would trust the professional organizations' websites and journals:
American Academy of Dermatology http://www.AAD.org
American Osteopathic College of Dermatology http://www.aocd.org/
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology https://link.springer.com/journal/40257
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/...
4
Scopolamine products to prevent motion sickness are to be placed behind the ear to. One brand name for this product is Transderm-Scop.
I will write below why it is placed behind the ear, but in terms of the Facebook post, it's probably not accurate. In fact, Snopes.com did a 'Fact-Check' article on a similar subject.
Scopolamine is an antimuscarinic ...
4
The best method to verify the autenticity of a scientific news, is to search authorized papers about the subject.
You can find all the published papers on this website: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
Here, and especially on "PubMed" and "PubMed Central (PMC)" (both within ncbi.gov) you can search for a topic and a lot of papers will be shown. Then look for ...
4
I second Thomas' suggestion of pubmed.gov! Below are some details of my favorite sources for this kind of thing.
NOTE - It can definitely be tricky to find reliable sources that aren't behind a paywall using databases, but once you know a specific article you can often chuck the citation into regular google to find a free version. If you can't find a ...
Only top voted, non community-wiki answers of a minimum length are eligible